Tag Archives: Ethnography

Finding Innovation Gold in a Single Customer Story

The Power of One

Finding Innovation Gold in a Single Customer Story

GUEST POST from Art Inteligencia

We live in the Age of Big Data, where innovation decisions are often filtered through algorithms, heatmaps, and massive statistical models. Leaders demand large-scale surveys and multi-million dollar data warehouses to validate a new direction. Yet, history consistently shows that truly breakthrough ideas rarely emerge from the average — they emerge from the outlier, the extreme user, or the single, compelling narrative that exposes a deep, unmet human need.

This is the Power of One: the profound, catalytic value contained in a single, deeply understood customer story. While Big Data tells us what is happening (correlation), Small Data — the qualitative, ethnographic insight — tells us why it is happening (causation and motivation). For human-centered change and innovation, the Single Customer Story is the most efficient and emotionally resonant path to finding innovation gold.

The Problem with the Average and the Gift of the Outlier

When you design for the average customer, you create an average product. Statistical models, by their nature, normalize outliers. They smooth over the strange, inconvenient behavior that is often a leading indicator of market disruption. If a single customer is using your product in a way it was never intended — that is not a bug; it is a Signal of Innovation. That single story contains a kernel of truth that 10,000 data points will obscure. It reveals the critical gap between what you think your product does and what the human needs it to do.

Innovation thrives in the gap between the status quo and the ideal human experience. The Single Customer Story serves as the emotional bridge that allows a team to move from abstract data points to genuine empathy, driving radical redesign and bypassing organizational inertia.

Three Strategies for Mining the “Power of One”

Leaders must institutionalize practices that deliberately seek out and amplify these singular narratives, transforming anecdotal evidence into strategic insight.

  1. Embrace Observational Research (Ethnography): Instead of relying solely on surveys (which capture conscious opinions), go into the user’s natural environment to observe their unconscious behavior. Watch how they struggle, how they improvise, and where they introduce unnecessary steps. The innovation is often found in the user’s duct tape solution — the hack they use to get around your product’s limitations.
  2. Design for the Extremes, Not the Center: Actively seek out the extreme user. This could be the power user who pushes your limits, the non-user who actively avoids your product, or the person using your product in an unexpected cultural context. Designing a robust solution for a highly complex or unusual need will often simplify and improve the experience for the mainstream user. The extreme user’s story sets the highest bar for innovation.
  3. Institutionalize the Narrative Transfer: A single story is only powerful if it becomes a shared vision. When a team finds a powerful customer narrative, it must be captured as Persona, a Day-in-the-Life Journey Map, or a visceral video and put directly in front of engineers, marketers, and executives. This human input cuts through data silos and provides a shared, emotional imperative for change that abstract data cannot match.

Case Study 1: The Design Fix that Transformed a Financial Software Product

Challenge: Stagnant Adoption of a Financial Software Tool

A B2B software company saw high initial sign-ups for a new financial analysis tool but very low sustained usage. The drop-off rates were massive, but the data offered no explanation for why users abandoned the product after the first week.

The Power of One Intervention:

The Head of Product focused on a single, frustrated junior analyst. By spending a day shadowing this one user, the team discovered that her workflow required her to export data from their tool, import it into Excel, manually clean the data using six specific formulas, and then run the final analysis. The software was saving 20% of her time, but the 20-minute manual data cleaning ritual was the breaking point. The single story revealed the key unmet need: integrated, automated data cleansing. They integrated the analyst’s six formulas directly into the software. This small fix, driven by the qualitative insight of one user, led to a 300% spike in sustained usage and became the flagship feature of a whole new product line.

Case Study 2: Uncovering a Global Market Opportunity in a Remote Village

Challenge: Designing for Remote Infrastructure in Emerging Markets

A global manufacturer was developing a decentralized power source for off-grid communities. Prototypes were too complex and failed in field testing. Market data lacked the crucial context of how people prioritized power usage.

The Power of One Intervention:

An ethnographic team focused on a single family and their local economy in a remote African village. They noticed that the family’s biggest pain point wasn’t general lighting or charging phones; it was the single battery they relied on for a crucial, single use: running a small milling machine to grind grain for the entire community. This task was vital to the village economy, and the battery’s failure was a social crisis. The innovation was not in designing a complex micro-grid, but in designing a simple, hyper-robust, easily repairable “Power Hub” optimized solely for the continuous reliability of that single, high-value, high-impact task. This focus on one critical application, revealed by one village story, unlocked the blueprint for a highly scalable, successful product line across dozens of similar low-infrastructure markets globally.

Conclusion: From Correlation to Causation

Big Data is essential for scale and validation. But Big Ideas are almost always born from the intimacy of Small Data. When you bypass the spreadsheet and spend genuine time with the human experience, you achieve a level of empathy that moves your team from guessing at correlation to knowing the root cause. This is the difference between incremental improvement and market disruption.

“The Power of One is the ultimate antidote to organizational inertia. A single, painful, well-told customer story can override months of contradictory data, mobilize an entire company, and define the next decade of innovation.” — Braden Kelley

Embrace the qualitative journey. Your essential first step: Find the most frustrated, extreme, or resourceful user of your product, sit with them for an hour, and simply watch them work. Then, build the solution to their one painful, repeated problem.

Extra Extra: Futurology is not fortune telling. Futurists use a scientific approach to create their deliverables, but a methodology and tools like those in FutureHacking™ can empower anyone to engage in futurology themselves.

Image credit: Dall-E

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Five Keys to Doing Good Ethnographic Research

Five Keys to Doing Good Ethnographic Research

GUEST POST from Art Inteligencia

Ethnographic research is a powerful tool for understanding the beliefs, behavior, and culture of a given population or group. It is a powerful tool for gaining insight into the lived experiences of a particular group and can be used to inform policy, decision making, and marketing. Ethnographic research involves observing and recording the social interactions and activities of a particular group in their natural environment. The following are some key tips to help ensure a successful ethnographic research project.

1. Specify Your Objectives

Before embarking on an ethnographic research project, it is important to set out clear objectives. Having a clear goal and objectives will help to ensure that the research is conducted in a focused and productive way. It is also important to consider the time and resources available for the research project, as these will have an impact on the depth and breadth of the research that can be conducted.

2. Choose the Right Location

Choosing the right location is essential when doing an ethnographic research project. The researcher should select a location that is accessible and provides an opportunity to observe the target group in their natural environment. It is also important to ensure that the location is safe and secure, as well as respectful of the privacy of the participants.

3. Develop a Research Plan

Developing a research plan is essential for successful ethnographic research. The research plan should include a timeline for data collection, an assessment of the resources available, and a detailed method for data collection. It is important to consider the ethical implications of the research and to develop a plan for protecting the participants’ rights and privacy.

4. Gather Data

The data gathering stage of an ethnographic research project is arguably the most important. Ethnographic research should involve the collection of both quantitative and qualitative data. This includes gathering data through observation, interviews, and other methods. The researcher should strive to gain a deeper understanding of the target group and their culture through the collection of data.

5. Analyze the Data

Once the data has been collected, it is important to analyze it in order to gain insights into the beliefs, behavior, and culture of the target group. This can be done through a variety of methods, including statistical analysis, content analysis, and thematic analysis. The researcher should strive to draw meaningful conclusions from the data that can inform policy, decision making, and marketing.

Ethnographic research can be an invaluable tool for gaining an understanding of the beliefs, behavior, and culture of a particular group. However, it is important to ensure that a well-thought-out research plan is in place, and that the right data is gathered and analyzed in a meaningful way. Following these tips should help ensure a successful ethnographic research project.

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What is Ethnography?

What is Ethnography?

GUEST POST from Art Inteligencia

Ethnography is an important method of research in the social sciences, used to gain a detailed understanding of groups of people and their cultural practices. It involves the observation of a group’s behavior, language, beliefs, values, and interactions with their environment. Ethnographers often conduct interviews and surveys in order to gain a deeper understanding of their subjects.

The goal of ethnography is to provide an in-depth understanding of the culture of a group of people. This includes looking at the group’s history, language, and material culture, as well as its social and political structures. Ethnographers also examine the group’s rituals, beliefs, and values. By looking closely at the different elements of a culture, ethnographers can develop an understanding of how the group interacts with its environment and with other groups.

An ethnographer’s primary tool is observation. Ethnographers must observe their subjects in their natural environment and take note of their behavior, language, and interactions. They may also conduct interviews and surveys in order to gain a better understanding of the group’s beliefs and values.

Ethnographers need to be aware of their own biases and preconceptions, as these can influence the results of their research. They must also consider the ethical implications of their research and ensure that their subjects are treated with respect.

The primary purpose of ethnography is to gain an understanding of a particular culture and its people. This understanding can be used to inform policy decisions and to improve the lives of the people being studied. Ethnographers may also use their research to create educational materials or works of art.

Ethnography is an invaluable tool for understanding the diversity of cultures around the world. By observing and recording the behavior, beliefs, and values of a group of people, ethnographers can gain an understanding of their culture and how it interacts with its environment. This understanding can be used to inform policy decisions and improve the lives of the people being studied.

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Ethnography for Innovators

Uncovering the Unmet Needs People Cannot Articulate

LAST UPDATED: November 25, 2025 at 6:43PM

Ethnography for Innovators

GUEST POST from Chateau G Pato

In our data-driven world, companies invest millions in surveys, focus groups, and A/B testing. Yet, these methods often only illuminate articulated needs—the problems people know they have and can describe. If you rely solely on these methods, you will, by definition, only produce incremental improvements on existing products.

The true gold standard of innovation—the breakthrough idea—lies in the unmet needs: the pervasive frictions, latent desires, or emotional compromises that people have simply grown used to and can no longer identify as problems. They are the invisible pain points that exist outside the structured environment of a corporate interview. The human-centered discipline that unlocks this insight is Ethnography.

Ethnography, borrowed from anthropology, is the practice of immersing oneself in the user’s natural environment to observe behavior, context, and culture. It is the shift from asking “What do you want?” to observing “What do you actually do, and why do you do it that way?” For the innovator, this shift transforms research from a validation exercise into an Exploration Engine.

The Three Fallacies Ethnography Corrects

Ethnography is essential because it bypasses three inherent flaws in traditional market research:

  1. The Articulation Fallacy: People are experts at solving their own problems locally, often through complex workarounds they don’t even recognize as inefficient. They cannot articulate a solution they haven’t seen.
  2. The Context Fallacy: Behavior changes when people know they are being observed in an artificial setting (the focus group room). Ethnography ensures observations happen in the flow of life, where real compromise and decision-making occur.
  3. The Rationalization Fallacy: People often explain why they do something based on rational logic, while the true driver is deep-seated emotion, habit, or social pressure. Ethnography observes the action and then asks “Show me the workaround,” exposing the gap between what they say and what they do.

The Four Pillars of Ethnographic Innovation

To successfully leverage ethnographic insight, innovators must focus on four key areas:

1. The Focus: Extremity Over Average

Do not study the average user; study the extreme user. The people who are bending, breaking, or hacking your product or process reveal the highest friction points and the most intense needs. Observing a power-user or an anti-user provides disproportionate insights compared to surveying the typical majority. The solution that works for the edge case often provides a superior experience for everyone.

2. The Method: Deep Hanging Out

This is the core of the practice. Instead of brief, formal interviews, innovators must practice Deep Hanging Out—spending hours or even days immersed in the user’s native context (their home, office, factory floor). The goal is not merely data collection; it is insight generation by understanding the culture, the tools, the interruptions, and the social contracts that surround the task.

3. The Lens: Observation over Interview

Prioritize observation. Use the interview to fill in the why, not to collect the initial what. For instance, instead of asking, “How do you manage your medication?” observe the user’s routine, the pile of bottles, the post-it notes, the compromises, and the moments of confusion. Then, ask: “Tell me about this sticker you put on the bottle.” That sticker often holds the key to the unmet need.

4. The Synthesis: Insight Teams

Ethnographic data must be synthesized by a diverse, cross-functional team. Insights are most powerful when a Marketing leader, a Data Scientist, and an Engineer all observe the same human behavior. The Engineer sees the technical gap, the Data Scientist sees the behavioral anomaly, and the Marketing leader sees the emotional driver. This co-synthesis prevents organizational bias from distorting the human reality observed.

Case Study 1: The Kitchen Appliance Manufacturer and the Latent Mess

Challenge: Stagnant Blender Market and Incremental Features

A major appliance manufacturer was struggling to innovate beyond faster motors and bigger jugs. Traditional research asked consumers, who invariably replied: “Make it more powerful.”

Ethnographic Intervention: Observing the Aftermath

The innovation team employed ethnography by installing cameras and observing users making smoothies in their homes, focusing not on the blending itself, but on the post-use clean-up routine (the latent pain). They observed:

  • Users immediately rushing to rinse the blender to prevent food from sticking.
  • The awkward balancing act of cleaning around the sharp blades.
  • The subsequent mess in the sink and the counter area.

The Innovation Insight:

The team realized the true, unarticulated pain wasn’t a lack of power, but the messy, time-consuming chore of cleaning. The resulting innovation was a product designed with self-cleaning capabilities and blade structures optimized for rinsing, effectively changing the job-to-be-done from “make a smooth drink” to “make a smooth drink with zero clean-up friction.” This insight could never have been generated by a focus group asking, “What new features do you want?”

Case Study 2: The Financial Services Firm and the Unspoken Anxiety

Challenge: Low Adoption of Retirement Planning Tools by Younger Clients

A financial firm offered robust digital retirement planning tools, but young clients ignored them. Traditional research revealed only surface-level reasons: “It’s too complicated” or “I don’t have enough money yet.”

Ethnographic Intervention: Contextual Mapping of Financial Stress

Innovators spent time with young professionals, observing how they managed money in context (paying bills, checking bank apps, discussing finances with partners). The team wasn’t just observing transactions; they were looking for emotional cues and physical workarounds.

  • They observed clients constantly checking their immediate bank balance (fear of overdraft) but never checking their long-term retirement accounts.
  • They noted that talking about retirement planning was socially taboo or anxiety-inducing, leading to procrastination.
  • The friction point was not complexity, but the psychological distance between the present need (pay rent) and the future goal (retirement).

The Innovation Insight:

The firm realized that the tool had to address the anxiety, not just the calculation. The innovation was a shift to automatic, small-scale savings triggered by behavioral cues (e.g., automatically save $5 every time you use a ride-share app). The tool made the savings process invisible and non-anxiety-inducing, successfully linking the immediate, observed behavior with the long-term, unarticulated goal. The breakthrough was finding the latent emotional trigger, not fixing the interface.

The Human-Centered Call to Action

Quantitative data tells you what is happening; Ethnography tells you why it’s happening. If your innovation effort is stalled, it’s not because you lack data—it’s because you lack deep, human insight.

To move beyond incremental improvement, you must mandate that innovation teams leave the building. They must become anthropologists of the modern world, actively seeking the compromises and workarounds that signal an unmet need. This is how you transform a good idea into a market-defining breakthrough.

“If your customers could tell you what they wanted, you wouldn’t need an innovation strategy; you would need a fulfillment strategy. Breakthroughs hide in the unarticulated.”

Frequently Asked Questions About Ethnography for Innovation

1. What is the main goal of using ethnography in innovation?

The main goal is to uncover “unmet needs”—the latent pains, desires, and emotional compromises that users have grown accustomed to and cannot articulate in a traditional interview. This deeper, contextual insight is necessary for disruptive, non-incremental innovation.

2. Why is studying the “extreme user” more valuable than studying the average user?

Extreme users (power-users, frequent hackers, or even non-users) experience the friction points and limitations of a product or process most intensely. Their extreme workarounds and frustrations often reveal critical system flaws and latent needs that apply to the average user, but are simply less visible.

3. What is the “Articulation Fallacy” and how does ethnography overcome it?

The Articulation Fallacy is the idea that people can accurately describe the best solution to their own problem. Ethnography overcomes this by focusing on observation (What they *do*) over interview (What they *say*), allowing innovators to design solutions for compromises and workarounds that the user is no longer conscious of.

Your first step toward Ethnographic Innovation: Do not commission a survey. Instead, mandate that every member of your next innovation team (including the finance analyst and the engineer) spends three hours observing a customer, not in a conference room, but in their natural environment (their desk, their home, or their point of interaction with your product). Instruct them to document five non-obvious workarounds they observe. Use those workarounds, not stated desires, as the starting point for your next design sprint.

Extra Extra: Because innovation is all about change, Braden Kelley’s human-centered change methodology and tools are the best way to plan and execute the changes necessary to support your innovation and transformation efforts — all while literally getting everyone all on the same page for change. Find out more about the methodology and tools, including the book Charting Change by following the link. Be sure and download the TEN FREE TOOLS while you’re here.

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Building a Global Sensing Network – Revisited

Building a Global Sensing Network - RevisitedWhen I first wrote about Building a Global Sensing Network I wrote in the specific context of the war for innovation and the need to make sure you’re fighting it outside your organization — not inside.

We looked at how most organizations hire the most clever, educated, experienced and motivated people you could afford and then direct them to come up with the best customer solutions possible, organize and execute their production and marketing predictably and efficiently, and do their best to outmaneuver the competition.

In short, most organizations pursue success by building a fortress from which the organization can defend its intellectual property and its market position utilizing the human resources it can assemble within the castle walls. At the same time most organizations focus on achieving organizational success by achieving the greatest overlap possible between the skills, abilities and talents of each job applicant and the job description for each role.

But most organizations (referred to as Typical Organizations in the graphic below) fail to harness ALL of the skills, abilities and talents of the individuals they have in their organization to achieve greater performance as a collective. In my mind this is painful, wasted human capital – painful for the organization (lost potential revenue and profitability) and painful for the individual (boredom, stress, and disappointment).

Typical Organization

But, a handful of more progressive, innovative organizations are trying to do better to harness the passions AND the skills, abilities, and talents of their individuals to better achieve the collective’s ability to generate revenue and profits (or other appropriate benefits) by engaging their employees in the innovation efforts of the organization, and allowing their employees to take some of their skills, abilities and talents and apply them to help fulfill other job descriptions. This looks something more like this:

Innovative Organization

But in the most progressive organizations, they not only provide a way to better harness a more complete set of their employees’ skills, abilities and talents to more than one job description, but they also find a way to harness more of the skills, abilities, and talents that employees are currently realizing outside the organization in their hobbies, volunteer work, or other places.

And the successful organizations of the future will not stop there. They will also harness the connections their employees have outside the organization to increase the innovation capacity of the organization, and better engage not only partners in helping to fulfill the needs of different job descriptions, but they will also even engage their customers in achieving the work of the organization.

Where customer or partner skills, abilities and talents intersect with the job requirements, work can get done, and where customer or partner skills, abilities or talents intersect with employee skills, abilities or talents intersect, communities and connections have the chance to form and be nurtured. This is what organizations of the future will look like:

Organization of the Future

In this scenario, where innovative organizations begin to move beyond better harnessing the internal innovation capacity of their employees, to also harnessing the external capacity to work (and to innovate) of individuals outside of the organization (and to expand the scope of the collective), and to attract partners and customers to participate, organizations that allow and even encourage employees to develop a personal brand and greater external connections, will claim an outsized share of the potential benefits to both the mission of the organization and to its innovation efforts.

If your employees lack the external exposure, the external connections, and the external personal brand equity and awareness, how much harder will it be for your organization to:

  • Attract the best partners to your innovation efforts
  • Recruit the best customers to co-create with you
  • Build a strong pipeline of potential future internal talent

Through this lens you can see that in the future, successful innovation and change will be determined not just by how strong the brand of your organization is (or the collective), but also will be shaped by the strength of the personal brands of the collective’s component individuals.

As the commercial battlefield continues to change, future business success will be built upon more fluid boundaries and the ability to leverage skills, abilities and talents of people and other organizations outside the company and also the ability to:

  1. Utilize expert communities.
  2. Identify and gather technology trend information, customer insights and local social mutations from around the globe.
  3. Mobilize the organization in organic ways to utilize resources and information often beyond its control.
  4. Still organize and execute production and marketing predictably and efficiently in the middle of all this complexity.

Market leaders in our evolving reality will be increasingly determined not by an organization’s ability to outmaneuver the competition in a known market, but by their ability to identify and solve for the key unknowns in markets that will continue to become more global and less defined. Future market leaders will be those organizations that build superior global sensing networks and do a better job at making sense of the inputs from these networks to select the optimal actionable insights to drive innovation and change.

By this point, hopefully you are asking yourself three questions:

1. How do I create more fluid boundaries in my organization?

2. What does a global sensing network look like?

3. How do I build one?

One View of a Global Sensing Network

Building a Global Sensing NetworkThe purpose of a global sensing network is to allow an organization to collect and connect the partial insights and ideas that will form the basis of the organization’s next generation of customer solutions. This involves collecting and connecting:

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1. Customer Insights

  • Ethnography
  • Private Communities
  • Focus Groups
  • Surveys
  • Lead User Observation

2. Core Technology Trends

3. Adjacent Technology Trends

4. Distant technology trends

5. Local social mutations

  • Demographic trends
  • Sociological trends
  • Economic trends
  • Political trends (including regulation)
  • Behavioral trends

6. Expert Communities

  • University Research
  • Government Research
  • Corporate Research
  • Charitable Research
  • Hobbyists

To actually build a global sensing network you need to start from the inside out. You have to take a look around inside your organization and see what employees you have, what natural connections they have, and where they are currently located on the globe. At the same time you need to understand how employees in your organization naturally connect with each other and define what core, adjacent and distant technologies mean in the context of your organization. You must also look and see what tools you have inside the organization for managing insights, expertise and information within the organization, and what expert communities you may already have connections into.

I would recommend beginning to establish your global sensing network inside your organization before venturing to build it out completely with the resources and connections that you will naturally need outside your organization. This will enable you to get some really great feedback from employees on the connections that will be necessary to foster and manage outside of your organization and to prepare your information sharing systems and internal communications to enable increased sharing and improved innovation inputs and outputs.

Accelerate your change and transformation success

It is likely that many organizations will already be gathering some level of customer insight information from ethnography, private communities, focus groups, surveys, lead user observation, etc. but not have a good infrastructure, policies or procedures in place for sharing this information. If you’re truly serious about creating a deep innovation capability and working to achieve innovation excellence in the same way that you pursue operational excellence, you should experiment with your systems by making customer information more available.

Next, you should leverage your employees and existing partnerships to reach outside the organization to organize and establish stronger communication channels with the relevant expert communities, including those focused on university research, government research, charitable research, corporate research (industry associations and competitors), and even to inventors or hobbyists.

And then finally from the connections you’ve built to this point, you should have identified where you have good people internally to provide information on local social mutations (local developments of interest spawned by local demographic, sociological, economic, political and behavioral trends), and where you have gaps. Hopefully by this point you may have also identified people outside your organization in countries around the world that you already have formal or informal connections to that can be leveraged to fill the gaps in your global sensing network footprint.

Conclusion

If you’re already involved in innovation and change, or have read a lot on the topic, it should be obvious to you why your organization needs a global sensing network.

Building a global sensing network helps organizations:

  • Accelerate their innovation efforts
  • Create more fluid organizational boundaries
  • Embrace a more open approach to innovation
  • Monitor emerging and evolving technologies
  • Track changes in customer behavior in the unending search for new insight-driven ideas

But the main that should jump out as you look at the download titled Building a Global Sensing Network is that innovation can come from anywhere, so you need to be listening everywhere.

The purpose for building a global sensing network is much like the purpose for having a SETI program. We know that there must be intelligent life outside the four walls of our organization, but to find it, we must be listening. And we must be listening so that we can amplify, combine and triangulate the weak signals that we might pick up so that we can find the next innovation and change that our organization is capable of delivering – before the competition. After all, there is a war for innovation and change out there. The only true unknown is who’s going to win.

I hope you’ll come join me on this journey to improve the pace and execution of innovation and change efforts in our organizations!

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